Transparency is also inextricably linked to governance, one definition of which is "a way of implementing policies through cooperation whereby representatives of the government, market and civil society participate in mixed public and private networks" (Bodegom et al.2008).
On the other hand, access to relevant, up-to-date information can create a basis for natural exchange, allowing both official and the public to better access decisions taken and policies implemented. Absence of, or inaccessibility to, information often creates a sense of disempowerment, mistrust and frustration. Knowledge of what the state and other institutions do is fundamental to the power of people to hold them to account and improve the way in which they work. The public is only able to truly participate in the democratic process when they have information about the activities and policies of government, and when people can see what benefits and services they are entitled to and whether they are receiving what should be expected. Information by itself is not power, but it is an essential first step in the exercise of political and economic power. The International Human Rights NGO Article 19 has described information as "the oxygen of democracy" while the UNDP Human Development Report 2002 describes informed debate as the "lifeblood of democracies."
Democracy, accountability and participationĪbsence of, or inaccessibility to, information often creates a sense of disempowerment, mistrust and frustration. Transparency is becoming an unofficial mandate by the public and is often a legal mandate.1. The analysis concludes that these meanings affect the way organization members conduct and will conduct their day-to-day activities and how policies are and will be created. In the third, policymakers create transparency alongside accountability, efficiency, and effectiveness. In the second, as transparency encourages openness, it increases concerns for secrecy and privacy.
In the first metaphor, transparency is subtly intertwined with accountability. It finds that the definition of transparency reveals three metaphors: transparency as a public value embraced by society to counter corruption, transparency synonymous with open decision-making by governments and nonprofits, and transparency as a complex tool of good governance in programs, policies, organizations, and nations. It traces the meaning of transparency from its use by nongovernmental and supranational organizations to its use in the international relations, nonprofit, public policy, and administration literature. This article examines the evolving definition of transparency from a postmodernist approach.
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